A chatbot is a computer program created to simulate communication with human users, particularly online. Chatbots are frequently employed in customer service and support capacities where they may assist consumers and respond to questions.

As technology is upgrading every day, the research and development in the latest technologies like Artificial Intelligence and machine learning is revolutionizing the globe.

What is ChatGPT?

The GPT stands for “Generative Pre-trained Transformer”,  it is designed to create a human-like text and it is a type of machine learning model.

A for-profit company called OpenAI LP and its non-profit parent company, OpenAI Inc., make up the artificial intelligence research facility known as OpenAI. The board of the OpenAI nonprofit, which is made up of Greg Brockman (Chairman & President), Ilya Sutskever (Chief Scientist), and Sam Altman (CEO), governs OpenAI LP. 

Sam Altman, Elon Musk, Ilya Sutskever, Greg Brockman, Wojciech Zaremba, and others started the company in San Francisco before the end of 2015. As a partner and investor, Microsoft has contributed $1 billion. The Azure AI Platform was developed by them in collaboration.

A public beta of "OpenAI Gym," a platform for reinforcement learning research, was made available by OpenAI in April 2016. "Universe," a chatbot software platform for assessing and honing an AI's general intelligence across the abundance of games, websites, and other applications available worldwide, was introduced by OpenAI in December 2016.

Despite resigning from his board position in 2018, Musk remained a donor and cited "a potential future conflict (of interest)" with Tesla's AI research for self-driving cars.

OpenAI changed its status from non-profit to "capped" for-profit in 2019, with a 100X profit cap on all investments. In addition to partnering with Microsoft, which announced a US$1 billion investment package in the company, the company awarded shares to its employees. Then, OpenAI declared that it will license its technologies for use in commercial applications.

GPT-3, a language model trained on trillions of words from the Internet, was unveiled by OpenAI in 2020. It also disclosed that the first of its commercial products would be built around an associated API, simply known as "the API". GPT-3 is designed to respond to inquiries in natural language, but it can also translate between languages and cohesively produce improvised text.

GPT-3, the largest language model yet trained in 2020, with 175 billion parameters. It takes 800 GB of memory to train it because it is that big. This year, BLOOM (BigScience Large Open-science Open-access Multilingual Language Model), with its 176 billion parameters, overtook it as the largest model.

LLMs are typically produced from a considerable amount of sample text in several languages and fields. Hundreds of billions of English words from Common Crawl, WebText2, Books1/2, and Wikipedia were used to train the GPT-3 system. Additionally, it has been practiced in examples of application development written in Python, JSX, CSS, etc. Given that it can handle input of 2048 tokens, it can handle very long sentences of approximately 1,500 words.

DALL-E was introduced in 2021 by OpenAI. One year later, their most recent technology, DALLE 2, produces images with a 4x increase in realism and accuracy.

A public preview of ChatGPT, which communicates through conversation, was made available by OpenAI in 2022.

Types of AI chatbots:

AI chatbots come in a wide variety of forms, each with special skills and traits.

1. Rule-based chatbot:

These chatbots are designed to follow a set of rules or scripts in order to respond to user input. They are typically used for simple tasks, such as answering FAQs or providing basic information.

Rule-based chatbots are very easy to create and implement because they don't need sophisticated machine learning algorithms or natural language processing (NLP) techniques. To decide how to react to human input, they instead rely on a set of pre-written rules or scripts.

The fact that rule-based chatbots respond to user input predictably and consistently makes them generally simple to use and comprehend, which is one of their key advantages. They work well for activities that call for clear-cut and precise solutions, such as addressing frequently asked questions or giving out the basics.

2. Self-learning chatbots:

The purpose of these chatbots is to learn from user interactions and gradually get better at responding. They assess user input using machine learning algorithms to produce suitable responses.

Self-learning chatbots have a wide range of uses, including marketing, customer service, and technical help. They can help with a variety of duties, including responding to FAQs, making product recommendations, and facilitating online purchases.

To create a more smooth and more effective user experience, self-learning chatbots can also be connected with other systems, such as customer relationship management (CRM) platforms or social media networks.

3. Conversational chatbots:

These chatbots are made to converse with consumers in a more casual and interesting way. To comprehend user input and produce suitable responses, they could make use of sophisticated natural language processing (NLP) algorithms.

Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots called conversational chatbots are made to conduct more engaging and natural dialogues with users. They can assist users in locating information, resolving problems, and other customer service or customer support scenarios.

Customer support departments, e-commerce websites, and social networking platforms can all make use of conversational chatbots. They are an effective instrument for enhancing the clientele experience and lightening the strain on human customer service agents.

4. Task-oriented chatbots:

These chatbots are designed to help users complete specific tasks or accomplish specific goals. They may use a variety of techniques, such as rule-based responses, self-learning algorithms, or natural language processing, to help users achieve their objectives.

Task-oriented chatbots are frequently employed in customer service or support settings, where they can assist customers with tasks like resolving technical problems, completing orders, or checking account balances. In order to assist users in finishing activities or achieving particular goals, they may also be employed in other contexts including education, healthcare, or financial services.

To offer users more thorough and precise assistance, task-oriented chatbots may be connected with other systems, such as databases or CRM systems. They might also include features or tools that let them perform a variety of tasks, such as making phone calls, sending emails, or booking appointments.

5. Virtual assistants:

These chatbots are made to help users with a variety of tasks, including making phone calls, sending emails, and arranging appointments. To offer a more seamless and effective user experience, they may be coupled with other systems, such as calendars or email platforms.

Virtual assistants are frequently used with voice-activated devices like smart speakers or smartphone apps. By using natural language instructions, users can communicate with the virtual assistant and ask for directions or make reminders, for example. The virtual assistant then makes use of sophisticated natural language processing (NLP) methods to comprehend the user's request and offer a suitable reply.

Virtual assistants can be tailored to each user's needs and utilized for a variety of personal and professional duties. Apple's Siri, Amazon's Alexa, and Google's Assistant are a few popular virtual assistants.

How chat-GPT works?

It is the latest in the line of complex language models from OpenAI, and it is built with a major emphasis on interactive interactions.

Although the creators combined supervised learning with reinforcement learning to perfect ChatGPT, it is the reinforcement learning element in particular that sets ChatGPT apart. In order to minimize negative, untrue, and/or biased outputs, the designers apply a specific technique called Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF).

Although large language models, like GPT-3, are trained on a sizable amount of text data from the internet and are capable of producing text that resembles human speech, they may not always provide results that are in line with ideal standards or human expectations. In actuality, they can anticipate the following word in a series using a probability distribution over word sequences (or token sequences).

Utilize the Reinforcement Learning (RL) method to improve the moderation guidelines in relation to the reward model. The Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) model is a management model of the rules and generation principles that uses a reinforcement learning mechanism in small stages. An inquiry from the database serves as the model's input. The reward model evaluates the output that the model produces. The generating rule management approach is given the reward to boost performance.

These models are designed to carry out some kind of useful cognitive activity, but there is a glaring discrepancy between how these models are taught and how we would like to apply them. 

Though mathematically speaking a statistical distribution of word sequences calculated by a machine might be a very good choice to model language, we as humans create language by selecting text sequences that are most appropriate for the given circumstance, using our prior knowledge and common sense to guide this process. This may be an issue for applications that demand a high level of trust or dependability, like conversational systems or intelligent personal assistants.

The conversational capability of the bot is not explicitly described by OpenAI. The PPO model and the optimized GPT-3.5 model, which serve as the system's foundation, are thought to be among the same elements that were mentioned previously. Through human feedback and research in March 2022, they released a paper about Training Languages. The conclusion of the research paper is: “Overall, our results indicate that fine-tuning large language models using human preferences significantly improve their behavior on a wide range of tasks, though much work remains to be done to improve their safety and reliability.”

Benefits:

Automation:

One of the most frequently mentioned advantages of AI technology is automation, which has had a big impact on the communications, transportation, consumer goods, and service sectors. Marketers may automate repetitive processes with ChatGPT, such as answering frequently asked inquiries or giving clients individualized recommendations. By doing this, time and resources are freed up to be used on things that are more valuable, like analyzing data and formulating a strategy.

Personalization:

In order to identify the ideal solution for a customer's demands, chatbots that combine conversational AI and Natural Language Processing technologies can produce highly personalized messages for the user. The stress on the customer care team can be lessened with the aid of AI solutions, which will increase productivity.

For a personalized and pertinent response to consumer inquiries, ChatGPT uses natural language processing (NLP). Customers are more likely to be engaged and satisfied with their interactions if better ties are built with them as a result.

Data Analysis :

Marketers may better understand customer preferences and behavior with the help of ChatGPT's insights and data. The correct messages may be given to the right individuals at the right time by using this information to fine-tune campaigns and maximize targeting.

Data analysis may be done considerably more quickly and effectively using AI and machine learning technology. To process data and comprehend the possible results of various trends and scenarios, predictive models and algorithms might be useful. Additionally, the fast processing and analysis of data for research and development that would have taken too long for humans to evaluate and comprehend can be accelerated by AI's powerful computational capabilities.

Efficiency:

ChatGPT enables marketers to manage several customer engagements at once, allowing them to address more inquiries and interact with more clients. This can shorten response times and boost consumer happiness, improving the campaigns' overall effectiveness.

ChatGPT can assist marketers in reducing personnel expenditures and other costs related to managing consumer relationships by automating chores and streamlining conversations. Through more profitable and long-lasting campaigns, this can boost the bot.

ChatGPT has the ability to displace Google in addition to being an opponent of chatbots. because it answers almost every query in a clever way. The only flaw we could detect was the lack of source references.

Limitation:

The ChatGPT model, like any text generation system, is capable of producing useless content based only on what it has learned from the language. The absence of weighting in reinforcement learning, which results from the lack of a source of truth, is the most challenging issue to address, according to OpenAI's definition.

The moderator might make an error and politely decline to respond even though the query is perfectly acceptable. ChatGPT's training was controlled at the source using a moderation API, in contrast to Tay and Galactica, allowing improper requests to be pushed back while training.

Even yet, false positives and negatives can still happen and lead to overly cautious behavior. The moderation API uses a GPT model to conduct categorization tasks based on the following categories: violence, self-harm, hate, and harassment. When there wasn't enough data, OpenAI employed generated data (in zero-shot) and anonymized data for this.

The generative network, in contrast to any training system, learns what a possible correct response might be (by cloning behavior). Since the model cannot learn the correct response, the outcome will depend on what the model has learned. As a result, it won't be able to provide content that experts deem accurate.

The recurrence of sentences or parts of sentences is another issue that is well-known (also found in abstract summaries). This is taken into account by OpenAI as an overlearning issue as well as a bias in learning connected to the lengthy responses developed by the AI analysts.

The repetition of sentences or parts of sentences is another issue that is well-known (also found in abstract summaries). This is taken into account by OpenAI as an overlearning issue as well as a bias in learning connected to the lengthy responses developed by the AI analysts.

These systems are unique in that they will respond to questions even if they are unclear, and no attempt is made to clarify the query (disambiguation). The model becomes quite sensitive to the formulation and occasionally requires rewriting to produce a better result.

Conclusion:

The capacity of ChatGPT to mimic a live conversation is extraordinary. Even if we are conscious that it is a computer or an algorithm, we cannot help but become engrossed in the game of peppering it with inquiries to make the machine seem divine because of its depth of understanding.

Closer inspection reveals that it is still a sentence generator that lacks comprehension and self-reflection, as a human would. Even if the solutions remain flawless, ChatGPT stands out among end-to-end systems. Even more intriguing, I want to see what happens next and how far they can advance this kind of building.